Refractive index database surfactants
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Depending on the density data, the molar volume of the two surfactants was determined. Wavelength dependence of RI from theoretical prediction based on empirical equation was examined for various concentration of CdCl2 system and the results are reported in the paper. The density and refractive index of both (SDS) and (SLES) in aqueous and in alcoholic-aqueous mixed solvents (methanol, ethanol, and glycerol) with different mole fractions of alcohols, has been measured experimentally at 298.15 K. The correlation on index of refraction between empirical data and theoretical prediction were performed using the concept of molar refraction. The effect of micellar properties such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and degree of ionization were systematically studied for aqueous SDS system in the presence of CdCl2. In our study, a maximum RI enhancement was observed from 6.5 M CdCl2 in 8.2 mM aqueous SDS solution. However the refractive index tends to increase much more strongly as a function of salt concentration. Another important factor in surfactant selection is their electrical charge, whether it is nonionic, zwitterionic, anionic, or cationic. Surfactants with HLB values of 8 to 18 range are normally used in an O/W emulsion. The refractive index (RI) was found to be increased in the presence of both anionic and cationic surfactants compared to those of water and also increased as a function of surfactant concentration. The surfactant with HLB values ranging from 3.5 to 6.0 is normally used in a W/O emulsion. The index of refraction (RI) of both cationic and anionic surfactant systems were examined in the presence of wide range of inorganic salts, and parameters such as size of surfactants, concentrations, and temperature were varied. Thus, they have different Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry numbers: 6-79-1 respectively. In order to find new immersion liquids to improve the resolution of 193 nm immersion photolithography, we have attempted to discover aqueous system possessing an index of refraction greater than that of water using aqueous surfactant systems.
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Widerschpan, Tatjana Zhou, Jianming Smith, Bruce W. All rights reserved.2005 Articles Amplification of the Index of Refraction of Aqueous Immersion Fluids by Ionic Surfactants The method is applicable to cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants, and it offers a facile, in situ, and sensitive means of detecting micelle formation over a broad range of CMC values larger than 10(-1)mM.Ĭopyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. Additional Stepan ingredient listing can be found at. Measurements of CMC for sodium dodecyl sulfate (8.10mM), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (1.58mM), and Triton X-100 (0.21mM) were in excellent agreement with values previously reported in the literature. EPA Safe Choice Program’s surfactant screen and is listed on (an on-line database for green formulators).
#Refractive index database surfactants manual
The measurement system provides rapid semiautomatic data collection and analysis, increasing the precision, sensitivity, and range of applicability of the technique while substantially decreasing the amount of manual intervention required. On reaching the surfactant's CMC value, an abrupt change was observed in the rate of increase of the refractive index with increasing concentration. The polymers described herein may exhibit self-healing properties, a low dielectric constant, and a low refractive index. The refractive index of an aqueous surfactant solution was monitored as the surfactant concentration was increased using an automated dispensing system. Abstract: Inorganic siloxane ladder polymers with metal-aza/thio crown complexes, and methods of making and using such siloxane ladder polymers are disclosed. We describe a simple and rapid method for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants from fiber-optic measurements of refractive index.